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Citizens
band radios have been around for decades, but it wasn't until the advent of
Family Radio Service (FRS) channels that the popularity of two-way radios
exploded. Their small size, long range, and reasonable price make them far
superior to the walkie-talkies of old and give them many advantages over CB
technologies.
With
so many two-way radios with so many different features on the market right now,
choosing the radio that's right for you might seem a formidable task. The most
expensive and feature-rich radios may be right for more experienced buyers,
while radios with fewer features may be right for casual buyers who plan to use
their FRS radios only for occasional recreational purposes.
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FRS
Benefits and Drawbacks
FRS
radios have many advantages that cell phones, CB radios, and other
consumer-oriented two-way communication devices can't match. FRS has no service
fees, and no license is required to use the radios. FRS radios have short,
stubby antennas that contribute to their overall compact design, and they have
small power requirements that let users get a lot of talk time from a few AA or
rechargeable batteries. They also offer great range and exceptional voice
quality for the price, thanks to their FM technology. CB radios rely on AM
technology, which has inferior sound quality and requires relatively large
antennas but offers slightly greater range.
The
main drawback to FRS is the scarcity of channels--only 14 are available. The
cheapest radios use only one or two of these channels, resulting in a lot of
interference from other users in a crowded environment. Because all FRS
channels are accessible by all FRS radios, privacy becomes an issue, as anyone
can eavesdrop on your conversations. However, broadcasting to all the other
radios means you can easily talk to everyone in your group at the same time.
You
can't use FRS radios outside of the
United States
or
Canada
--other countries use FRS frequencies for emergency or
other, noncivilian uses. If you're caught broadcasting illegally on those
frequencies, the penalties can be severe, so leave the devices at home if
you're vacationing outside
North America.
Channels
The
number of channels that a radio supports affects its cost enormously. This is
the first feature you should consider when comparing devices. We recommend
buying a radio that supports all 14 channels in the FRS spectrum, although if
you plan to use your radios infrequently or in remote areas, a one- or
two-channel model should suffice. Anyone planning to use an FRS radio in a
crowded area (especially at amusement parks or ski resorts) should consider a
14-channel radio that also has subcodes (also known as "privacy" codes).
Range
and Power Output
Most
manufacturers advertise a two-mile range, but you should expect such
performance only in ideal conditions. The FM signal used by FRS radios travels
by line of sight, meaning that you'll typically benefit from the maximum range
when transmitting across a flat expanse of ground or water with few
obstructions. In exceptional situations, FRS signals can reach as far as four
miles, but you should normally expect a typical range of one mile or less.
Range decreases considerably when you're using an FRS radio inside a building.
Some
manufacturers claim that more power leads to better range, but our testing
suggests otherwise. FRS units that use 100 milliwatts (0.1 watts) often have
the same range as units using the maximum allowed 500 milliwatts (0.5 watts),
so we recommend considering other specifications (brand reputation, price, and
field testing results) when choosing a radio.
"Privacy"
Codes
The
best (and most expensive) FRS radios artificially expand the 14-channel limit
by adding 38 codes from the Continuous Tone Coded Squelch System (CTCSS) to
each channel. If you tune to, say, channel 10 and choose code 13, you'll hear
transmissions only from other FRS radios that are tuned to channel 10 using
code 13's specific frequency. With this feature, the people in your group can
all transmit on the same channel but won't have to listen to other radio
traffic on the same channel.
The
privacy code technology effectively gives FRS users 532 channels to work with,
but there are some limitations. The "privacy code" name is misleading, because
choosing a code only tunes out FRS radios not using the same code; it doesn't
prevent other people from listening to you. For example, if you're using code
13 on channel 10, you'll hear only other FRS radios using that same channel and
code. However, anyone else tuned to channel 10 can still hear what you're
saying if they don't have their code feature turned on or if they have a
cheaper FRS radio that doesn't have the privacy code feature. Also, anyone else
who chooses the same code as you can transmit to your radio. We recommend
buying a radio with codes only because they make finding a free channel easier,
but they do not ensure your privacy.
The
only FRS radios that offer any measure of privacy are paired sets with built-in
hardware that can scramble and unscramble transmissions. This feature prevents
others from listening to you with a standard FRS radio, but the scrambling
technology on the market today is infamous for being easily overcome by a
determined eavesdropper. Never consider anything you say over an FRS to be
truly private.
Calling/Paging
Capabilities
Some
radios act more like telephones than walkie-talkies because they let users
"call" others on their frequency by transmitting a series of tones or beeps.
The feature can be an effective attention getter, but paging someone with your
own voice often works just as well.
Physical
Design
The
majority of two-way radios we've tested can withstand at least a 3-foot drop to
a hard surface with no ill effects, although we are surprised that more
companies don't make rugged models with rubber or high-impact cases. No FRS
unit we've tested is waterproof, so you should avoid taking these products to
the water slide park or the beach.
When
choosing a radio, pay close attention to the button layout, the labels, and the
LCD screen (if there is one). A few units have a transmit button on the front
instead of the side, a design that many people find inferior. And keep in mind
that units with tiny buttons and abbreviated labels are hard to use in poor
lighting conditions or if you are wearing gloves. If the unit has an LCD, check
to see if it displays more than just the channel number (for example, you may
also want to see privacy code, volume level, battery indicator, channel lock
on/off, or a signal strength meter) and if it has a backlight for nighttime
viewing.
Batteries
Many
two-way radios use standard AA or AAA batteries, but the more expensive units
will sport rechargeable battery packs. Most of the radios we've tested work for
one full day of heavy usage or a few days of sporadic usage before the
batteries need replacing or recharging.
If
you buy a unit with rechargeable batteries, look for one that lets you swap the
battery pack with a handy spare. Also keep in mind that rechargeable NiMH
(nickel-metal hydride) batteries are generally superior to rechargeable ni-cad
(nickel-cadmium) batteries because you can recharge them at any time with no
performance loss. (Some ni-cad batteries perform best when they have fully
discharged before being recharged, although many modern ni-cad battery designs
do not suffer from this limitation.) Most of the NiMH batteries we've tested
lasted longer than ni-cad batteries.
Headset
Jacks
Some
users, such as bicyclists and motorcycle riders, might want to connect headset
microphones and earpieces to their FRS radios. However, not all radios are
equipped with jacks for this, and among the FRS radios that do accept headsets,
most have two jacks (one for the microphone and one for the headphone), but
others use a proprietary jack that combines the two. Be sure to check the radio
and headset specifications carefully if you want to use these devices together.
Transponders
Very
few FRS products come with a transponder, a handy technology for telling you if
another radio has wandered out of range. Transponders will probably become a
standard feature in the next few years, but right now they are very expensive.
Scanning
Radios
with a scan feature automatically search all available FRS channels for
activity (or inactivity). This feature is handy for finding the channel that
other members of your group are using, or for quickly finding a channel that
has little or no traffic.
Channel
Lock
Radios
inevitably get jostled as people move, and sometimes the channel is
inadvertently changed, putting you out of contact with the rest of your group.
The channel lock feature lets you set the radio to a specific channel until you
disable the lock. This feature is indispensable if the people in your group are
doing physical activities such as running or skiing, or if you're using the
radio to keep in contact with your kids.
Push-to-Talk
vs. Voice-Activated Transmitters
Most
FRS devices require that you hold down a button while talking, and then release
the button to receive incoming transmissions. These are advertised as "push to
talk," or "PTT" (if the feature is advertised at all, since it is so common).
Other radios are designed to transmit any time a sound is made near the
microphone, and to receive transmissions as soon as there are no sounds around
the microphone. This feature is advertised as "voice activated," "VOX," or a
similar term.
Theoretically,
voice-activated units are better because you don't have to fumble around for a
transmit button. But in reality, many voice-activated radios respond to wind,
ambient sounds, or even breathing (if you're using a headset microphone), as
well as your voice. Your listeners will hear wind or static while you won't
know that your radio is transmitting. Push-to-talk radios are a more practical
solution for most applications. They also tend to cost less than
voice-activated models.
Using
Radios from Different Manufacturers
We've
tested many different FRS products from a variety of manufacturers, and they
all worked together for basic communications. A $20 one-channel FRS radio can
communicate with a $200 14-channel FRS radio, but you won't be able to use any
of the more expensive device's advanced features. We recommend buying radios in
pairs so you can take advantage of every feature you are paying for, and also
because manufacturers have not yet standardized the privacy codes. It's easier
to stick with one brand and ideally with one model.
Price
Range
Expect
to pay $20 to $250 for a single FRS radio. Low-end models support one or two
channels, use the push-to-talk transmission method, tend to be bulky, and have
few special features. Midrange models, costing $50 to $100, will likely support
14 channels with 38 privacy codes each, use normal AA batteries, and come with
additional features such as scanning and paging capabilities. High-end models
are usually extremely compact and light, come with rechargeable battery packs,
and have nearly every feature outlined in this guide. Many high-priced units
are voice activated and are compatible with optional accessories.
GMRS:
The Next Step in Two-Way Radios
Before
there was FRS, there was GMRS--the General Mobile Radio Service. It originated
as the Class A Citizens Radio Service in the 1940s, when it was allocated the
frequency spectrum between 460 and 470 MHz, and was subsequently renamed GMRS
in the 1970s. The licensees at this time--yes, use of GMRS frequencies requires
an FCC license--were largely commercial and industrial users.
GMRS
radios are more powerful than their FRS counterparts, both in power output and
range. They also have the advantage of using repeaters, devices that pass
communication on from one repeating station to the next, thus stretching the
effective range. Repeaters are commonly placed on hilltops or other high areas
so they can cover the largest area possible. And because this frequency
spectrum is still considered for commercial use, GMRS radios are regulated by
the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and require a license. To apply for
a GMRS license, you will need FCC Forms 605 and 159. You can download the
application forms directly from the FCC website at: www.fcc.gov. You can also
request them through the FCC forms hotline at 1-800-418-FORM. For questions
concerning the license application, contact the FCC at 1-888-CALL-FCC
(1-888-225-5322). On the positive side, the license is good for five years and
covers the entire family.
Many
GMRS radios share some channels from the FRS spectrum, so you'll be able to
communicate with others in your group with only FRS radios.
If
you're looking for more communication range for your outdoor activities, GMRS
might be a good alternative. Here's a quick comparison of the basic differences
between GMRS and FRS radios.
GMRS:
Output:
2 watts or more
Range:
Up to 5 miles
Channels:
23 (maximum)
License:
Required
FRS:
Output:
0.5 watt
Range:
Up to 2 miles
Channels:
14 (maximum)
License:
Not required
CBs:
An Alternative to FRS?
Since
FRS radios are so popular these days, are there any reasons to install a CB in
your car or invest in a handheld CB? We think so. When properly installed and
attached to an appropriately long antenna, CBs offer a range that FRS radios
can't match. They use AM technology instead of FM technology, meaning that
voice quality is compromised, but wavelengths are much longer and therefore
more likely to reach across hills and other obstructions. Another big bonus is
that many big trucks are equipped with CB equipment, and you can get a lot of
road information just by listening to conversations among truckers. Most newer
CBs are also equipped to pick up NOAA Weather Radio transmissions, meaning you
can get current weather conditions easily--especially while traveling on the
interstate.
There are a few more drawbacks to consider before purchasing a CB. The first is
the need for a long antenna to achieve a reasonable range, making CBs quite
awkward for handheld radio communications. CB transmissions are also affected
by atmospheric conditions, which makes their range unpredictable. Generally,
CBs should not be considered a substitute for FRS radios, but as a different,
useful tool for travelers who understand their flaws and advantages.
How
To Buy A Two-Way Radio
Staying
in touch in the woods is a snap with two-way radios. Besides keeping tabs on
any game activity, two-way radios provide you with security and are an
invaluable communications tool should something go wrong. With some added
features, these devices may even help point you to your camp or keep tabs on
the weather.
Features
to Consider in a Two-Way Radio
Channels
Privacy
Codes
Call
Features
Weather
Radios
Lock
Feature
Range
FRS/UHF
Size
Display
Screen
Usage
Life
Features
to Consider in a Two-Way Radio
Channels
Two-way
radios come with as few as 2 to as many as 14 channels, with prices higher for
those offering more channels
If
you are in a congested area, you'll need the extra channels to ensure you find
one that's open
Many
models offer codes or sub-channels. This allows you to find numerous other
channels for communicating with your partner or perhaps even others out in the
woods with you.
A
two-way radio with 14 easy access channels and 38 sub-channels per channel,
really gives you 532 available addresses to use
Privacy
Codes
Since
anyone can pick up your channel, provided their equipment has the same number
of channels as yours, manufacturers have designed some models with a privacy
code or private call feature
While
others can still tune in on your channel, the private call feature scrambles
your voice so your conversation won't be understood by outside parties
Call
Features
Most
models come with a channel saver. The big difference is whether this is manual
or automatic.
Talk
confirmation beep signals the completion of your conversation so the other
party knows when it's clear to talk
Incoming
call/alert is usually a ring. You can, however, purchase a model that vibrates
to alert you to a call, an especially valuable option when hunting.
Most
models also incorporate a last channel recall feature, much like the redial
button on your phone. This feature can either be manual or automatic.
Memory
location helps you store frequently used channels and sub-channels. Typically,
models with this feature can store 10 channels for easier access.
Scanning
allows you to quickly see which channels are being used. Once again, some
models require a manual operation, while others do this automatically.
A
nice feature on many models is a speaker/mic jack. While you will need to buy
the additional accessories, this will allow you to have hands-free
conversations.
Other
options include a microphone and speaker that connects to your lapel, a speaker
and microphone that fits in your ear, and the most advanced speaker and
microphone that's a headset
Weather
Radios
Many
two-way radios include weather reception channels
Generally,
these models include 10 channels to obtain the latest weather information from
the NOAA (National Oceanic Atmaspheric Administration)
Lock
feature
A
lock key ensures that you stay on your channel even when moving around
Auto
squelch keeps a radio quiet at all times except when a signal is received
Range
Most
two-way radios carry a range of 1 to 2 miles, which really depends on the
terrain and weather conditions
You
can buy extended-range radios but they exceed the FCC's (Federal Communications
Commission) maximum wattage of 500mW and employ a GMRS frequency
If
you need the added distance, though, you'll have to buy a GMRS (General Mobil
Radio Service) license, issued by the FCC, and pay a fee required for use of
the extended-distance radio
Manufacturers
will list both the range and let you know if a license is required. That's why
most models fall in the 1 to 2 mile range, without any licensing fee required.
FRS/UHF
FRS,
which stands for Family Radio Service, is a reclassified band of radio
frequencies set aside by the FCC specifically for family and recreational use,
hence, the limitation on power (watts) and frequency
Two-way
radios also use UHF (Ultra High Frequency) to provide clearer reception
A
few select models can extend range by using a bigger power source and another
frequency called GMRS. This extra power and frequency requires a license from
the FCC and a fee for use of the radio.
Size
You
can find a two-way radio that fits inside the palm of your hand easily or
barely extends beyond it
Sizes
range from 3 ½ to 6 ½ inches tall (excluding the antenna) to generally 2 to 2 ½
inches wide and 1 to 1 1/3 inches deep
Weight
typically falls between 5 and 12 ounces
In
general, the bigger and heavier the radio, the more features incorporated
Display
Screen
Most
models use a display screen to indicate a number of factors: receive, transmit,
battery life, time and more
Newer
models are incorporating features such as a clock with timer, alarm and
stopwatch, digital compass, thermometer and altimeter/barometer
Look
for a backlit LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) display screen that can be easier to
read in various lighting conditions
Manufacturers
also note if the model's screen uses LED (Light Emitting Diode) displays or
icons, or a combination of both
Usage
Life
Some
two-way radio models operate off alkaline batteries only while others will
allow nickel cadmium batteries as well
Nickel
cadmium batteries are more expensive and, unless the radio comes with one,
requires purchasing an optional charger, but over the long haul you'll save
money
Manufacturers
will note the battery life, which generally assumes 5 percent transmission, 5
percent reception, and 90 percent standby
Question:
What battery life should I expect from my radio?
Answer:
We regret not being able to provide the information you requested.
Unfortunately, your question does not have a simple answer.
The
amount of time a fully charged battery pack will last in a two-way radio is
affected by several variables, including whether or nor the radio is
transmitting and whether or not the radio is receiving.
Because
of the factors involved, we can not provide battery life for this two-way
radio. It is not possible to determine the results you could expect, and
providing a number based on ideal conditions would be misleading.
Question:
What is SWR?
Answer:
SWR is a measure of how well your antenna is matched or tuned to operate at CB
frequencies, and to your vehicle. Unlike TV or Scanner antennas that do not
Transmit, the CB and other "transmit" antennas need to be tuned to operate or
Transmit correctly and effieciently. If severely "out of tune" (or having a
poor SWR reading), damage to the transmitter can result. While most good CB
antennas, when mounted and grounded correctly as the maker intended, will
usually have a "safe SWR", keep in mind that it is still a good idea to check
and optimize your SWR reading. Regardless of Mfgr's claims, there really is no
way to "Factory pretune" mobile antennas for CB frequencies. The same exact
antenna can actually give different SWR Readings when mounted on different
vehicles, or even in different spots on the same vehicle! Remember, When
Setting the SWR you are NOT Matching the Antenna to the Radio, but rather the
Antenna to the vehicle.
Question:
How do I check my antenna's SWR tuning?
Answer:
It's fairly easy, you will need either an SWR meter function built into your CB
radio (eg.. a Cobra 29, Texas Ranger TR-966 or Galaxy DX-959 / DX-979), or an
external SWR meter hooked between your radio and antenna (eg.. Pyramid SWR-14).
Follow the directions that come with the meter.
Readings
above 3:1 ( "Three to One" )are considered bad or even dangerous, readings of
1.5:1 ("One point five to One") or lower are considered excellent.
Readings
around 2:1 are safe, but an effort should be made to tune the antenna for a
lower reading. Actual tuning of the antenna will vary by type, but usually
involves raising, lowering or trimming a whip or tip element, or adjusting a
ring or tuning control at the bottom. Some antennas are factory sealed and not
easily tunable, We would not normally reccomed these for a performance setup.
Remember, the Meter or radio can only check the SWR, not change it. Tuning the
SWR reading must be done at the antenna itself. Most local CB installation
shops will charge about $10 to test and tune your antenna, if you'd rather not
attempt it yourself.
Question:
How do I best mount a glass-mount antenna
Answer:
Three important steps MUST be followed when mounting a glass-mount antenna.
These go for ANY through glass antenna (CB, scanner or cellular):
Keep
the coupler box AWAY FROM the black (metallic) trim that is along the edge of
the windshield.
Mount
between two heater wires - never center over a heater wire and do so ONLY if
the antenna directions permit.
Clean
the windshield EXACTLY as suggested using the supplied alcohol swab. Be sure
that you use ONLY the cleaner provided with the antenna kit. Other glass
cleaners, such as Windex ®, contain silicone or waxes which are added to
prevent dirt from clinging to the surface. These additives also prevent the
antenna's adhesive from clinging properly.
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